Systems of classification
Flowering plants are the most evolved among the whole plant kingdom. At present days there are 250,000 species of plants and they are group into 12,000 genera. Carolus Linnaeus had done his classification of plants on basis of physical characteristics. Now plants classification had modernized and they are classified on the basis of various objective like physical, chemical and molecular structures. “Taxonomy” word comes from Greek and meaning of this word is “arrangement” and “law”. Taxonomy is a science that include identification, nomenclature and classification of objects and is usually restricted to objects of biological origin, and when it deals with plants it is also referred to as Systematic Botany. Why this classification required? As we recognized by our name like that these plants are put together into convenient groups, so that we may be able to find them out very easily when required. With this object in view different methods were found out to classify plants and these are known as Systems of Classification.
We may now conveniently summarize the commonly used groups in the classification of plants as follows:-
A) Division:- PHANEROGAMS ( Seed bearing plants.)
Sub Division:- ANGIOSPERMAE ( Seed enclosed in an ovary)
Class:- DICOTYLEDONS ( Two cotyledons, reticulate venation, tap root system)
1) Sub Class:-POLYPETALAE ( Petals free)
Series:- (1.1) THALAMIFLORAE ( Prominent thalamus, flower hypogynous )
Cohort:- (1.1.1) RANALES (Gynoecium apocarpous. )
Family:- 1.RANUNCULACEAE; 2. DILLENIACEAE; 3. CALYCANTHACEAE;
4. MAGNOLIACEAE; 5. ANNONACEAE; 6. MENISPERMACEAE;
7. BERBERIDACEAE; 8. NYMPHACEAE.
Cohort:- (1.1.2) PRIETALES ( Parietal placentation. Overy bicarpellary, syncarpus,
and unilocular.)
Family:- 9. SARRACENIACEAE; 10. PAPAVERACEAE; 11. CRUCIFERAE;
12. CAPPARACEAE; 13. RESEDACEAE; 14. CISTACEAE;
15. VIOLACEAE; 16. CANELLACEAE;17. BIXACEAE.
Cohort :- ( 1.1.3) POLYGALES ( Ovary 2-3 septate. )
Family:-18. PITTOSPORACEAE; 19. TREMANDRACEAE;
20. POLYGALACEAE.
Cohort :- ( 1.1.4) CARYOPHYLALE (Axile placentation.)
Family:- 21.FRANKENIACEAE; 22. CARYOPHYLLACEAE;
23. PORTULACACEAE; 24. TAMARICACEAE.
Cohort :- ( 1.1.5) GUTTIFERALES. (Stamens numerous; Calyx imbricate.)
Family :-25. ELATINACEAE; 26. HYPERICACEAE; 27. GUTTIFERAE;
28. THEACEAE; 29. DIPTEROCARPACEAE; 30. SARCOLAENACEAE.
Cohort :- ( 1.1.6) MALVALES ( Stamens numerous; Calyx valvate.)
Family:-31. MALVACEAE; 32. STERCULIACEAE; 33. TILIACEAE.
Series:- (1.2) DISCIFLORAE (Ovary superior, immersed in disk of flower,
sepals gamosepalaous, persistent).
Cohort:- (1.2.1) GERANIALES ( Ovule pendulous, raphe ventral, stemens united,
Carpels 2-5, axile placentation.)
Family :- 34.LINACEAE; 35. HUMIRIACEAE; 36. MALPIGHIACEAE;
37. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE; 38. GERANIACEAE; 39. RUTACEAE;
40. SIMAROUBACEAE; 41. OCHNACEAE;42. BURSERACEAE;
43. MELIACEAE; 44. DICHAPETALACEAE.
Cohort:- (1.2.2) OLACALES (Ovule pendulous, raphe dorsal. )
Family :- 45. OLACACEAE; 46. AQUIFOLIACEAE.
Cohort:- (1.2.3) CELASTRALES (Ovule erect, raphe ventral. )
Family:- 47. CELASTRACEAE; 48. STACKHOUSIACEAE; 49. RHAMNACEAE
50. VITACEAE. 51. LEEACEAE, 52. CISSUSACEAE
Cohort:- (1.2.3) SAPINDALES (Ovule ascending, raphe ventral to reversed.)
Family:-53. SAPINDACEAE; 54. MELIOSMACEAE; 55. ANACARDIACEAE;
56. CORIARIACEAE; 57. MORINGACEAE.
Series:- (1.3) CALYCIFLORAE .( Stamens fused to Calyx of flower )
Cohort:- (1.3.1) ROSALES. (Ovaries separate, rarely united.)
Family:-58. CONNARACEAE; 59. PAPILIONACEAE; 60. CAESALPINACEAE
61. MIMOSACEAE, 62. ROSACEAE; 63. SAXIFRAGACEAE;
64..CRASSULACEAE; 65. DROSERACEAE; 66. HAMAMELIDACEAE;
67. BRUNIACEAE; 68. HALORAGACEAE.
Cohort:- (1.3.2) MYRTALES (Ovary syncarpous; divided into locules)
Family:-69. RHIZOPHORACEAE; 70. COMBRETACEAE; 71. MYRTACEAE;
72. MELASTOMATACEAE;73. LYTHRACEAE; 74. LECYTHIDACEAE
75. ONAGRACEAE.
Cohort:- (1.3.3) PASSIFLORALES (Ovary syncarpous; Parietal placentation)
Family :-76. LOASACEAE; 77. TURNERACEAE; 78. PASSIFLORACEAE;
79. CUCURBITACEAE;80. BEGONIACEAE; 81. DATISCACEAE.
Cohort:- (1.3.4) FICOIDALES.(Ovary syncarous; sub-basal placentation)
Family:- 82. CACTACEAE;.83. AIZOACEAE.
Cohort:- (1.3.5) UMBELLALES. (Ovary syncarpous; 1 ovule per locule.)
Family:- 84. UMBELLIFERAE; 85. ARALIACEAE; 86. CORNACEAE.
2) Sub Class:-GAMOPETALAE. petals fused
Series:- (2.1) INFERAE . (Ovary inferior; stamen no. = petal no.)
Cohort (2.1.1) RUBIALES. (Stamens epipetalous; locules 2-many; ovules 1-many.)
Family:- 87. CAPRIFOLIACEAE; 88. RUBIACEAE.
Cohort (2.1.2) ASTERALES . Stamens epipetalous; locule 1; ovule 1.
Family:- 89. VALERIANACEAE; 90. DIPSACACEAE; 91. CALYCERACEAE;
92. COMPOSITAE.
Cohort (2.1.3) CAMPANULALES. (Stamens free; locules 2-6; ovules many.)
Family:- 93. STYLIDACEAE; 94. GOODENIACEAE; 95. CAMPANULACEAE.
Series:- (2.2) SUPERAE (HETEROMERAE) . (Ovary superior; stamens opposite
petals or double the petal no.)
Cohort (2.2.1) ERICALES. (Stamens double petal no.; Ovary 2-many locules.)
Family:- 96. ERICACEAE; 97. CLETHRACEAE; 98. EPACRIDACEAE;
99. DIAPENSIACEAE; 100. LENNOCEAE.
Cohort (2.2.2) PRIMULALES. (Stamens opposite petals; Ovary 1-locule; Axile
placentation.)
Family:-101. PLUMBAGINACEAE; 102. PRIMULACEAE; 103. MYRSINACEAE.
Cohort (2.2.3) EBNALES. (Stamens opposite petals; Few large seeds.)
Family:-104. SAPOTACEAE; 105. EBENACEAE; 106. STYRACACEAE.
Series:- (2.3) BICARPELLATAE . (Ovary superior, with 2 carpels.)
Cohort:- (2.3.1) GENTIANALES . (Corolla regular; leaves opposite.)
Family:- 107. OLEACEAE; 108. SALVADORACEAE; 109. APOCYNACEAE;
110. ASCLEPIADACEAE; 111. LOGANIACEAE; 112. GENTIANACEAE.
Cohort:- (2.3.2) POLEMONIALES. (Corolla regular; leaves alternate.)
Family:- 113.POLEMONIACEAE;114.HYDROPHYLLACEAE;
115.BORAGINACEAE; 116. CONVOLVULACEAE;
117. SOLANACEAE. 118. EHERESHIACEAE
Cohort:- (2.3.2) PERSONALES. (Corolla irregular to oblique; ovules many. )
Family:-119. SCROPHULARIACEAE;120.GLOBULARIACEAE;
121. LENTIBULARIACEAE; 122. GESNERIACEAE; 123. BIGNONIACEAE;
124. PEDALIACEAE; 125. ACANTHACEAE.
Cohort:- (2.3.2) LAMIALES . (Corolla irregular to oblique; 1-2 ovules.)
Family:- 126. MYOPORACEAE; 127. VERBENACEAE; 128. LABIATAE;
129. PLANTAGINACEAE.
Sub Class:-MONOCHLAMYDEAE ( Single cotyledons, parallel venation, fibrous root
system)
Series:- (3.1) CURVED EMBRYOS (The curved embryos & seeds make these part
of the caryophyllids)
Family:-130.NYCTAGINACEAE; 131.AMARANTHACEAE;
132. CHENOPODIACEAE; 133. BATIDACEAE; 134. POLYGONACEAE.
Series:- ( 3.2) MANYSEEDED AQATICS (. Caryophyllids / Palaeoherbs)
Family:-135.PODOSTEMACEAE; 136.NEPENTHACEAE;
137. RAFFLESIACEAE.
Series:- (3.3) MICROSCOPIC SEEDS (. Paleotrees/Palaeoherbs)
Family:-138. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE; 139. PIPERACEAE;
140. CHLORANTHACEAE; 141. MYRISTICACEAE;
142. MONIMIACEAE.
Series:- (3.4) DAPHNALESDaphnales (. Paleotrees/Eudicots/Rosids)
Family:-143. LAURACEAE; 144. HERNANDIACEAE; 145. PROTEACEAE;
146. THYMELAEACEAE; 147. PENAEACEAE; 148. ELAEGNACEAE.
Series:- (3.5) ACHLAMYDOSPORACEAE (. Eudicots/Asterids)
Family:-149. LORANTHACEAE; 150. SANTALACEAE;
151. BALANOPHORACEAE.
Series:- (3.6) UNISEXULALES (. Eudicots/Rosids)
Family :- 152. EUPHORBIACEAE; 153. BALANOPACEAE;
154. URTICACEAE; 155. PLATANACEAE; 156. LEITNERIACEAE;
157. JUGLANDACEAE; 158. MYRICACEAE; 159. CASUARINACEAE;
160. BETULACEAE.
Series:- (3.7) ORDINES ANOMALUS (. Paleoherbs/Rosids)
Family :- 161. SALICACEAE; 162. EMPETRACEAE;
163. CERATOPHYLLACEAE.
B. MONOCOTYLEDONS . (1 cotyledon, Endogenous growth.)
Series:- ( 1 ) MICROSPORIC SEEDS
Family:-164. HYDROCHARITACEAE; 165. BURMANNIACEAE;
166. ORCHIDACEAE.
Series:- ( 2 ) INFERIOR OVARIES
Family:-167. ZINGIBERACEAE; 168. BROMELIACEAE;
169. HAEMODORACEAE; 170. IRIDACEAE; 171. AMARYLLIDACEAE;
172. VELLOZIACEAE; 173. DIOSCOREACEAE.
Series:- ( 3 ) COROLLA LIKE FLOWERS
Family:-174. STEMONACEAE; 175. LILIACEAE; 176. PONTEDERIACEAE;
177. PHILYDRACEAE; 178. XYRIDACEAE; 179. MAYACACEAE;
180. COMMELINACEAE; 181. RAPATEACEAE.
Series:- ( 4 ) CALYX LIKE FLOWERS
Family:-182. FLAGELLARIACEAE; 183. JUNCACEAE; 184. PALMAE.
Series:- ( 5 ) PERIANTH-LESS FLOWES
Family:-185. PANDANACEAE; 186. CYCLANTHACEAE; 187. TYPHACEAE;
188. ARACEAE; 189. LEMNACEAE.
Series:- ( 6 ) APOCARPUS
Family:-190. TRIURIDACEAE; 191. ALISMATACEAE; 192. JUNCAGINACEAE.
Series:- ( 4 ) GLUMACEOUS FLOWERS
Family:-193. ERIOCAULACEAE; 194. CENTROLEPIDACEAE;
195. RESTIONACEAE; 196. CYPERACEAE; 197. GRAMINEAE.
| Mr. Umesh Tiwari |
| Wildlife Institute of |
| Umesh Tiwari@2007 |
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